Tuesday, 24 November 2015

Homework

Attack the Block 2011

In this clip, the main characters that are shown are a group of youths who are assumably friends living on a council estate in London. Throughout the sequence, the youth are represented in many ways, mostly negatively. They are portrayed as being deceitful, such as when they lie to their parents, violent, such as when they instinctively get weapons and prioritise fights, and discourteous from their use of expletives and vulgarisms.
These portrayals of youth are common or stereotypical in society, particularly when an age groups such as this are portrayed in an urban, working class location such as what appears to be East London. This representation is common and considerably accepted, in my opinion due to the identity that is created for this demographic by the media. In the modern day, the majority of media coverage of youth is negative and highlights their wrong-doing as opposed to their achievements. This had led to society accepting these as characteristics of youth and therefore generalising the demographic as a whole to possess these same attributes.



Contrasting to the Attack The Block Trailer, released in 2011, The Young Ones, produced in 1961 provides a very different outlook and representation of the Youth. In this clip, the youth are mostly portrayed as being community activists as well as responsibly social. We can gather this from the places that they are shown associating with and socialising in 'The Youth Club' and the way that they are trying to passionately save it from its closure. This contrasts significantly to the modern day representation of youth as previously shown, as the characters appeared to have less of a sense of identity due them having no signifying or collective place of social activity. In addition, the characters are shown to be well-presented, wearing fairly formal clothing. The way that the characters are characterised in a positive light is likely due to the media representations at the time, when generally, less negative stories were being circulated as they are today as poor behaviour could be considered less acceptable.

Theorist Anthony Giddens states "There is a social structure that which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures". This can be applied to the two contexts of the texts above, as they way that the identity of youths is represented shows that they have all been subjected to similar societal influences in order to become similar products. In addition, David Buckingham suggests that "Identity is complicated and complex". This is also reinforced in these clips as although the characters involved appear to be similar in the way the dress and in their belonging to a community, their identity cannot be derived completely from this, as there are many other factors that define it.

Wednesday, 18 November 2015

Identity: Indentity can be argued to be something unique to each of us that we assume is more or less consistent (and hence the same) over time… Our identity is something we uniquely possess: it is what distinguishes us from others.

David Buckingham (2008) argues identity is complicated/complex.

Collective Identity: The individual sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions of traditions and values (part of identity)
 - Not just representation of the mainstream media but also from the self-representations of media users.

"A focus on identity requires us to  pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life and their consequences for social groups" - David Buckingham

Representation: Any consideration of a 'collective identity' must take into account the role that representation plays within the constructions of a media text.

David Gauntlett - "Identity is now consciously constructed and the media provides some of the tools to help us construct our identities. The media contains a huge number of messaged about identity and acceptable lifestyles.
At the same time the public have their own set of feelings. The media and media consumers are in a dialogue in which neither over powers the other"

Anthony Giddens - "There is a social structure that which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures" - Changing social structure over time

"When they act differently, the social structure can change. Structuration is the process where human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship and the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and therefore can change).


Items representing youth:
Fast Food
Phones/New Technology
Social Media
Alcohol
Swegways
Popular Music - 1D, Justin Bieber
Parties/Clubs
Fashion - Brands
Football/Competitive Sports
Moped
Small Cars

Tuesday, 17 November 2015

Homework

If both religions share a similar belief system, why are media representations in the West so different?

The fundamental belief of the muslim religion is that God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to his law. Jesus, Moses and Abraham are respected as prophets of God, and the final prophet was Mohammed. Similarly, christians believe that Jesus was the son of God and that he was sent to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins.

Media representations of Islam have changed dramatically since the start of the millennium. Prior to the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, islam received little media coverage. However, this event caused a significant increase of media coverage on the people of this religion, whilst framing it in a negative light. The US-led "War on Terrorism" following these attacks caused a huge increase in Islamophobia, as the media began to create a stigma against the religion, causing stereotypes and generalisations to take place all over the western world, due to its vast influence. The most common stereotypes are that muslims are jihadis (millitants) and that the religion condones and promotes violence.

The media often focusses on things with of small relation to the religion, and then links them with one another to create a negative representation. These representations are often significantly mediated as well as bias, as they do not consider the points of view of the innocent and peaceful people of the religion. Because 9/11 had such a vast effect on the US, it received lots of media coverage, whilst the positives about the majority of the religion are not highlighted. Because the terrorists responsible for the attack that affected so many Westerners claimed to be muslim, the religion is now generalised based on this minority. This is true for all types of radicalised groups that claim to be linked to the religion.

The situation can be compared to Toderov's theory of disequilibrium. Prior to the organisation of islamic terrorist groups and attacks, the situation could be said to be in a state of equilibrium, as the relationship between the western world and islam was considerably peaceful and relaxed. The disruption occurred when the terrorist acts were carried out, leaving the relationship in a state of disequilibrium. This is ongoing, so the situation has not been resolved and a new equilibrium is yet to be reached.

Wednesday, 11 November 2015

Mediation

Mediation - The process of electing and shaping, creating meaning from an original event. An event which is mediated within the systems of values of an institution e.g. (News of the World, CH4 News). Their view is represented to the public.


“media do not just offer us a transparent ‘window on the world’ but a mediated version of the world. They don’t just present reality, they re-present it – David Buckingham…”

Tuesday, 10 November 2015

Representations in the Media

Muslim Representation



In this clip, a Government Official Luitenant featured on popular American news channel Fox News. In his appearance, he suggests that 18-28 year old muslim males should be profiled and then strip searched, as he believes that they are more likely to be carrying dangerous weapons or explosives. This is an example of a generalisation in the media where a whole ideology/religion is being generalised and stereotyped based on a small minority, likely to have stemmed from the 2001 attacks.




In this video, also from Fox News, the news reporter once again makes a generalisation about refugees of muslim religion. They have done this by showing a video of a small group of muslims chanting similarly to that of terrorist groups. Not only does this appear to be Fox News creating a negative representation of muslims a whole, comparing the entire religion to this small group, but the footage used was inaccurate, as it was from 5 years prior.

Gender



In this news report from American channel CNN, females are negatively represented. This clip focusses on binge alcoholism amongst adolescent females, creating the impression that all females condone this behaviour. The narrator puts particular stress and emphasis on negative words such as 'celebrates promiscuity', 'raunchy sex talk' and 'love of alcohol'. The report has been mediated extensively, this is evident in the interview section, where an interviewee is chosen who shares the same view on the matter as channel/news report, although the location gives us the impression that the question is spontaneous and unplanned.


This newspaper column form The Daily Mirror also represents females negatively. It does this by suggesting that women's football is inferior to men's football, by saying things such as 'A women's place is in the wrong' and 'women already cost me enough'. These phrases could be argued to be sexist generalisations, as the impression is created that the columnist is referring to all women in this inferior manner.

Age

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2150187/Under-18s-commit-quarter-crimes-Young-offenders-responsible-million-crimes-just-year.html

Figures show more than half of the stories about teenage boys in national and regional newspapers in the past year (4,374 out of 8,629) were about crime. The word most commonly used to describe them was "yobs" (591 times), followed by "thugs" (254 times), "sick" (119 times) and "feral" (96 times).

At the same time a survey of nearly 1,000 teenage boys found 85 per cent believed newspapers portray them in a bad light.
As a result of the negative press, 80 per cent felt adults were more wary of them now than they had been a year ago..

The most popular reason for their wariness, cited by 51 per cent was 'media stories about teen boys' compared with 40 per cent who said their wariness was based on their own or friends' bad experiences of other teens."

This online newspaper article is about the crime committed by youths in the UK. This report focusses extensively upon the negative characteristics of a proportionately small amount of this demographic, using statistical data to reinforce this. For example, "A quarter of all crimes are committed by under 18's, an official report suggests". Although the data used is likely to be valid and accurate, there is no mention in the article of any positivity relating to this age bracket, meaning that the majority of youths (which are not criminals and are generally good people) are not highlighted.


This notice on a shop window openly discriminates against youths. It does this by stating that the number of youths allowed in the shop is limited. This has been done because of negative portrayals of youth, representing them as criminals. This sign does not consider the youth as a whole and instead focusses on 'the 1%', most likely due to representations of youth in the media, where success is highlighted little in comparison to failure.